{"id":29456,"date":"2017-02-14T20:44:01","date_gmt":"2017-02-15T04:44:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cjnotebook.com\/?p=29456"},"modified":"2017-02-14T20:44:01","modified_gmt":"2017-02-15T04:44:01","slug":"29456-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cjnotebook.com\/?p=29456","title":{"rendered":"Our Sun Produces Bizarre Radiation Bursts\u2014Now NASA Knows Why"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/assets.ngeo.com\/modules-video\/latest\/assets\/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html?guid=27eb847b-2ad1-454c-8b3c-1de00e289b50\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"media__caption--title\">EARTH-ORBITING TELESCOPE SEES LIGHT FROM FAR SIDE OF SUN<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NASA&#8217;s Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope recorded gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light, originating from solar flares on the far side of the sun on three separate occasions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Astronomers recently got a look at both sides of the sun during powerful flares, helping solve a riddle about our star\u2019s gamma ray activity.<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"section byline\">\n<div id=\"ybe5ezbx\" data-platform-component=\"Byline\" data-platform-hide-bylines=\"false\" data-platform-hide-publish-date=\"false\" data-platform-publish-date-format=\"default\">\n<div class=\"byline-component\" data-reactid=\".n\">\n<div class=\"byline-component__category byline-component__contributor\" data-reactid=\".n.0:$0\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span data-reactid=\".n.0:$0.0\">By <\/span><span class=\"byline-component__contributors\" data-reactid=\".n.0:$0.1:$0\"><b data-reactid=\".n.0:$0.1:$0.2\"><span data-reactid=\".n.0:$0.1:$0.2.0\">Alexandra E. Petri<\/span><\/b><br data-reactid=\".n.0:$0.1:$0.4\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"byline-component__publish\" data-reactid=\".n.1\">\n<p data-reactid=\".n.1.0\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span data-reactid=\".n.1.0.0\">PUBLISHED <\/span><time datetime=\"2017-02-14T14:22:44-0500\" data-reactid=\".n.1.0.1\">FEBRUARY 14, 2017<\/time><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">For the first time, NASA telescopes have worked in tandem to watch blasts of high-energy radiation triggered by activity on the far side of the sun. The achievement will help scientists better understand eruptions of solar material that, when aimed at Earth, can damage satellites, <a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2012\/03\/120308-solar-flare-storm-sun-space-weather-science-aurora\/\">disrupt the power grid<\/a>, and set off beautiful aurora displays.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"adSlotDynamic-slot\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0Launched in 2008, the <a href=\"https:\/\/fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov\/\">Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope<\/a> was designed to study gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. These rays are emitted by all kinds of powerful and exotic phenomena, such as feeding black holes and dying stars.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Closer to home, solar flares can also produce gamma rays. Flares happen when active regions on the sun suddenly release explosions of magnetic energy. That accelerates particles to incredibly high speeds and creates intense bursts of light that can briefly outshine the sun itself. (Also see <a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/2016\/08\/solar-storm-1967-space-weather-cold-war-science\/\">&#8220;How Sun-Watchers Stopped World War III in 1967.&#8221;<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Scientists previously thought that the particles accelerated during a flare would interact locally with the sun\u2019s surface and produce gamma rays that are close to the active region. But Fermi has also seen gamma rays coming from the sun even when no flares are erupting on the side it can see.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Now, scientists think they know what\u2019s happening. Working with NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/stereo\/main\/index.html\">Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory<\/a> (STEREO), Fermi has found that solar flares happening on the far side of the sun can trigger additional bursts of gamma rays on the side facing Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The trick is that Fermi orbits Earth and shares our planet\u2019s view of the sun. By contrast, the twin STEREO satellites orbit the sun, providing clear views of the whole solar surface. Working together, the satellites watched solar activity on both sides of the sun on three separate occasions: October 11, 2013; January 6, 2014; and September 1, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201cWe saw high-energy radiation, or gamma rays, on the side of the sun that faces Earth, but the flare happened on the other side of the sun,\u201d says Fermi team member Nicola Omodei, a researcher at Stanford University in California. Omodei and a large team of international colleagues reported the results last month in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313247089_Fermi-LAT_Observations_of_High-energy_Behind-the-limb_Solar_Flares\"><i>The Astrophysical Journal<\/i><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">GAMMA RAY ECHO<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Thanks to Fermi and STEREO, scientists have now learned that particles emitted during a flare on the sun\u2019s far side can travel along magnetic field lines and impact the solar surface on the side facing Earth, generating a spike in gamma rays.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201c[The Fermi discovery] implies that high-energy particles need to travel several hundred thousand miles to reach the visible solar disc,\u201d Omodei says. You can liken the effect to fireworks bursting from behind a mountain, he adds.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201cYou cannot see the burst itself, but you can still hear the sound of it,\u201d he says. \u201cSimilarly, we cannot see the flare\u2019s active region \u2026 but we can see a brightening of the sun in gamma rays as an echo of the flare.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">That\u2019s important for understanding the effects of these active regions, which can ultimately rotate onto the side of the sun facing Earth. For instance, the flares Omodei and his team observed also produced fast coronal mass <\/span>ejections,<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> or CMEs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">When these clouds of high-speed charged particles come racing off the sun, they can bathe spacecraft, astronauts, and planetary surfaces in damaging radiation. Knowing when a CME may hit Earth can help people on the planet take precautions\u2014and it can alert sky-watchers when to expect especially vivid displays of auroras. (See <a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/2016\/08\/see-auroras-northern-lights-sun-earth-space-astronomy-science\/\">stunning aurora pictures<\/a> from an August 2016 solar storm.)<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Now Fermi\u2019s gamma-ray eyes can serve as an additional tool in our efforts to monitor CMEs and the resulting space weather.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u201cIt is remarkable that Fermi, even if it is not a mission dedicated to solar observations, was able to provide such a big contribution to the field,\u201d Omodei says. \u201cIt is a great experience for me, but also shows the value of this mission and the importance of having the Fermi telescope <\/span>on<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> orbit for a long time ahead.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EARTH-ORBITING TELESCOPE SEES LIGHT FROM FAR SIDE OF SUN NASA&#8217;s Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope recorded gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light, originating from solar flares on the far side of the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[1286],"class_list":["post-29456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tips-trivia-and-tidbits","tag-sun"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Our Sun Produces Bizarre Radiation Bursts\u2014Now NASA Knows Why<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For the first time, NASA telescopes have 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