{"id":30092,"date":"2017-03-26T11:14:26","date_gmt":"2017-03-26T18:14:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cjnotebook.com\/?p=30092"},"modified":"2017-03-26T11:14:26","modified_gmt":"2017-03-26T18:14:26","slug":"national-geographic-fake-news-tricks-mind","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cjnotebook.com\/?p=30092","title":{"rendered":"National Geographic: How Fake News Tricks Your Mind"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/assets.ngeo.com\/modules-video\/latest\/assets\/ngsEmbeddedVideo.html?guid=ngc-1FOyeTWLoMrV61VizOteKUkUOOlKMKmv\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"parsys content\">\n<div class=\"UniversalVideo section\">\n<figure class=\"section Video media-video media--small align-none \">\n<div id=\"universal-video-inlinePlayer_ngc-1FOyeTWLoMrV61VizOteKUkUOOlKMKmv\" class=\"inline ngs-video\" data-platform-overlay-play-button=\"true\" data-platform-sharing=\"true\" data-platform-configuration=\"manual\" data-platform-videoguid=\"ngc-1FOyeTWLoMrV61VizOteKUkUOOlKMKmv\" data-platform-account=\"2423130747\" data-platform-instance=\"inlinePlayer_ngc-1FOyeTWLoMrV61VizOteKUkUOOlKMKmv\" data-platform-type=\"inline\" data-platform-component=\"UniversalVideo\">\u00a0A NEW MEDIA REVOLUTION?<\/div><figcaption class=\"media__caption \">\n<div class=\"media__caption--text\">\n<p>In this clip from <a href=\"http:\/\/channel.nationalgeographic.com\/explorer\/\">Explorer<\/a>, Scott Pelley and Nick Schifrin discuss fake news and the state of the media.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section byline\">\n<div id=\"li9yhgkr\" data-platform-component=\"Byline\" data-platform-hide-bylines=\"false\" data-platform-hide-publish-date=\"false\" data-platform-publish-date-format=\"default\">\n<div class=\"byline-component\" data-reactid=\".b\">\n<div class=\"byline-component__category byline-component__contributor\" data-reactid=\".b.0:$0\"><strong>By <span class=\"byline-component__contributors\" data-reactid=\".b.0:$0.1:$0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/contributors\/p\/alexandra-petri.html\" data-reactid=\".b.0:$0.1:$0.1\">Alexandra E. Petri<\/a><br data-reactid=\".b.0:$0.1:$0.4\" \/><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"byline-component__publish\" data-reactid=\".b.1\">\n<p data-reactid=\".b.1.0\"><strong>PUBLISHED <time datetime=\"2017-03-24T00:01:00-0400\" data-reactid=\".b.1.0.1\">MARCH 24, 2017<\/time><\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-reactid=\".b.1.0\">How many animals of each kind did Moses put on the ark?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\u00a0If you answered two, then congratulations: You\u2019re wrong. It wasn\u2019t Moses who put animals on the ark; it was Noah. As science has it, this question <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sjdm.org\/dmidi\/Cognitive_Reflection_Test.html\">and others like it<\/a> illustrate more than just a person\u2019s general confusion between two historic religious figures.<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cIt gets at the extent to which people rely on intuitive answers that pop to their mind as opposed to reflecting and checking whether the answer that comes to mind is right or wrong,\u201d says Steve Sloman, a professor of cognitive science at Brown University and editor-in-chief of the journal Cognition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Interactive section\">\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>And in a world where misleading news stories are the new norm, the Moses ark question is a good predictor of whether people are susceptible to fake news. Such is the illusion of explanatory depth, or our tendency to overestimate our understanding of how something works.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>It is rooted in our tendency\u2014or lack thereof\u2014to reflect and to double check, Sloman says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"promo section relatedContentList\">\n<div class=\"bumper--bottom_addthis\">\u00a0\u201cThe trick with fake news is to know to verify, and if you\u2019re reflective then you\u2019re more likely to engage in that process of verification,\u201d Sloman adds.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>But it\u2019s not always easy to discern factually inaccurate news stories, and we can thank human nature for our propensity to accept what we read without much question or reflection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>In a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/02\/27\/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds\">recent article for The New Yorker<\/a>, journalist Elizabeth Kolbert reviews several studies on the human mind\u2019s limitations of reason, starting with groundbreaking work at Stanford 50 years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cComing from a group of academics in the nineteen-seventies, the contention that people can\u2019t think straight was shocking,\u201d Kolbert writes. \u201cIt isn\u2019t any longer. Thousands of subsequent experiments have confirmed (and elaborated on) this finding.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><b>What Causes the Logic Breakdown?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>There are a number of ways in which reason fails us, leaving us vulnerable to factually incorrect news stories that spread like viruses and infect understanding of what\u2019s real and what\u2019s not. One of the relevant psychological concepts is \u201cmotivated reasoning,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu\/article\/the-psychology-behind-fake-news\">writes Adam Waytz<\/a>, an associate professor of management and organizations at Northwestern\u2019s Kellogg School.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>Motivated reasoning is the idea that we are motivated to believe whatever confirms our opinions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cIf you\u2019re motivated to believe negative things about Hillary Clinton [or Donald Trump], you\u2019re more likely to trust outrageous stories about her that might not be true,\u201d Waytz says. \u201cOver time, motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>Another related concept is \u201cna\u00efve realism,\u201d or the idea that our views are the only ones that are accurate. Such a notion contributes to polarization in political discussions; instead of disagreeing with people, Waytz says, we often dismiss their views as incorrect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re all quick to believe what we\u2019re motivated to believe, and we call too many things \u2018fake news\u2019 simply because it doesn\u2019t support our own view of reality,\u201d he notes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>Sloman\u2019s research focuses on the idea that knowledge is contagious. Hence his book title: The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>Sloman recently published a paper called <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0956797616662271\">\u201cYour Understanding Is My Understanding\u201d<\/a> in the journal Psychological Science with Brown undergraduate Nathaniel Rabb. In the web-based experiment, which examined more than 700 volunteers, Brown and Rabb made up a phenomena in which scientists supposedly discovered a system of helium rain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>In one situation, they told the volunteers that the scientists do not fully understand the phenomena and cannot fully explain it, before asking the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain on a scale of one to seven, with one being the lowest. Most of the volunteers rated their answers at one, admitting they don\u2019t understand the concept.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>However, in the second instance, Sloman and his partner told the volunteers that the scientists understand helium rain and can fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their own understanding, this group of volunteers submitted answers that averaged around two. The fact that the scientists understand gave the volunteers an increased sense of understanding, Sloman says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>The idea can easily be translated into politics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s like understanding is contagious,\u201d Sloman says. \u201cIf everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked, they saw a video [about that person] on YouTube&#8230;then you\u2019re going to start thinking that you understand, too.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p><b>How to Fight Fakeness<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>With all this research shedding light on what makes us so susceptible to fake news, is there a way we can protect ourselves against it?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cI don\u2019t think it\u2019s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,\u201d Sloman says. \u201cIt is just too human to believe what you\u2019re told and move on.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>However, Sloman says he sees the potential in training a community to care about verification. Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your Facebook feed every day that, most likely, align with your world view. We as a community should consider lowering the bar on what should be double-checked, Sloman says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>All it takes is one person to comment that something doesn\u2019t add up.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n<p>\u201cDevelop a norm in your community that says, \u2018We should check things and not just take them at face value,\u2019\u201d Sloman says. \u201cVerify before you believe.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"parbase smartbody section text\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0A NEW MEDIA REVOLUTION? In this clip from Explorer, Scott Pelley and Nick Schifrin discuss fake news and the state of the media. By Alexandra E. Petri PUBLISHED MARCH 24, 2017 How&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30095,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,124],"tags":[3225],"class_list":["post-30092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-home-main-slider","category-tips-trivia-and-tidbits","tag-fake-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>National Geographic: How Fake News Tricks Your Mind<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00a0A NEW MEDIA REVOLUTION? In this clip from Explorer, Scott Pelley and Nick Schifrin discuss fake news and the state of the media. By Alexandra E. 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